In the computer, all data are represented as binary digits (bits), and eight binary digits make up one byte. For example, the upper case letter A is 0101001. Numbers however can take several forms.

A signed integer is a bit used to represent the sign of the number. The left-most value in a binary number is called the most significant bit (MSB). It holds the highest place value and is the ‘sign’ ...

To multiply a negative number, an arithmetic binary shift moves all the digits in the binary number along to the left and fills the gaps after the shift with 0: to multiply by two, all digits shift ...