Protein evolution and expression dynamics encompass how protein sequences change over time under selective pressures while modulating levels of expression through transcriptional and ...

Language evolution encompasses the origin, diversification and change of human languages over time. It integrates comparative and computational methods—such as phylogenetic modelling, phylogeography ...

Persistent viral infections pose a unique challenge to the immune system. Prolonged antigen exposure drives T cells into a state of exhaustion — a ...

This volume is based on the National Academy of Sciences' Colloquium on the Tempo and Mode of Evolution. The articles appearing in these pages were contributed by speakers at the colloquium and have ...

The rise of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens presents a serious threat to human and animal health, potentially leading to millions of deaths in the coming ...