Blood may be thicker than water, but in a narrow enough tube, both liquids flow like treacle. This sluggish behaviour arises because, as you reduce the size of the channel, friction between the liquid ...

Editor’s note: The Basics department this month is an excerpt from the ISA book Flow of Industrial Fluids – Theory and Equations by Raymond Mulley. Some material in this section may seem self-evident ...

Tests of a proposed friction-factor equation have shown it to be accurate for calculating pressure loss in turbulent flow for a pipeline transporting a non-Newtonian fluid, such as most crude oils and ...

Scientific progress is not usually straightforward. Researchers pursue and abandon lines of inquiry. Results languish. Theories take decades to cohere. But sometimes the accumulation of scientific ...

Controlling the flow Vortex-induced heat backflow (top) in a simulated 2D graphite strip, compared with conventional heat flow (bottom). (Courtesy: 2026 THEOS EPFL CC BY SA) We are all familiar with ...